Works Cited
& How to Cite this Book

When You Are Citing Screenformation 2.0, use one of these styles:

Three main styles to choose from when citing or quoting from Screenformation 2.0.

  • Chicago Style Citation
    Rose-Coutré, Robert. Screenformation 2.0. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Rose-Coutré Publishing, 2023.
  • MLA Citation
    Rose-Coutré, Robert. Screenformation 2.0. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Rose-Coutré Publishing, 2023. Print.
  • APA Citation
    Rose-Coutré, R. (2023). Screenformation 2.0. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Rose-Coutré Publishing.

250+ Works Cited

The scientific studies, educational research, and expert commentary cited in Screenformation 2.0 are listed here (250+ References). BUY THE BOOK to learn more and to see these citations in context.

Abi-Jaoude, Elia, MSc MD; Karline Treurnicht Naylor, MPH MD; and Antonio Pignatiello, MD. “Smartphones, social media use and youth mental health” US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 192(6): E136–E141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012622/, February 10, 2020.
https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/6/E136, February 10, 2020.

Achor, Shawn. “The Happy Secret to Better Work” Ted Talk.
https://www.ted.com/talks/shawn_achor_the_happy_secret_to_better_work/transcript?language=en, February 2012.

Alexander, Christopher; Sara Ishikawa; Murray Silverstein. A Pattern Language, Oxford University Press, 1977.

Alexander, Patricia and Lauren Singer Trakhman. “The enduring power of print for learning in a digital world” The Conversation.
https://theconversation.com/the-enduring-power-of-print-for-learning-in-a-digital-world-84352, October 3, 2017.

Alexander, Patricia and Lauren Singer Trakhman. “Reading Across Mediums: Effects of Reading Digital and Print Texts on Comprehension and Calibration” The Journal of Experimental Education, Pages 155-172. Published online:
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1143794, March 9, 2016.

Alter, Adam. “Tech Bigwigs Know How Addictive Their Products Are. Why Don’t the Rest of Us?” Wired.com.
https://www.wired.com/2017/03/irresistible-the-rise-of-addictive-technology-and-the-business-of-keeping-us-hooked/, March 24, 2017.

Alter, Adam. “Why Our Screens Make Us Less Happy” TED Conference.
https://www.ted.com/talks/adam_alter_why_our_screens_make_us_less_happy, April 2017.

Anderson, Jill. “Smartphones, teens, and unhappiness” The Harvard Gazette, Harvard University.
https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/06/gse-phones-study/, June 20, 2018.

Anderson, Monica and Jingjing Jiang. “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018” Pew Research Center.
https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2018/05/PI_2018.05.31_TeensTech_FINAL.pdf, May 31, 2018.

Anderson, Porter. “Study: Multitasking is counterproductive” CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2001/CAREER/trends/08/05/multitasking.study/index.html

Andersson, Hilary. “Social media apps are ‘deliberately’ addictive to users” BBC.
https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44640959, July 4, 2018.

Arum, Richard. “College Graduates: Satisfied, but Adrift” in The State of the American Mind. p. 73, Mark Bauerlein and Adam Bellow, eds. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton, 2015.

Askvik, Eva Ose, PhD; F. R. (Ruud) van der Weel, PhD; Audrey L. H. van der Meer, PhD. “The Importance of Cursive Handwriting Over Typewriting for Learning in the Classroom: A High-Density EEG Study of 12-Year-Old Children and Young Adults.” Frontiers in Psychology.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01810
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01810/full, July 28, 2020.

Atherton, Marc. “Silicon Valley’s Secret Sauce” Swipe Left For Addiction.
https://swipeleftforaddiction.com/2018/05/30/silicon-valleys-secret-sauce/, accessed July 28, 2018.
Updated source site:
“The Attention Economy, Internet Addiction and Unintended Consequences” Swipe Left For Addiction.
https://swipeleftforaddiction.wordpress.com/2018/05/11/the-attention-economy-internet-addiction-and-unintended-consequences/, May 11, 2018.

Atir, Stav; Kristina A. Wald; Nicholas Epley. “Talking with strangers is surprisingly informative” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 119, No. 34.
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2206992119, August 16, 2022.

Bailey, Blake. Philip Roth: The Biography. (W. W. Norton & Company; 1st Edition [Hardcover], 2021).

Baron, Naomi S. How We Read Now: Strategic Choices for Print, Screen, and Audio. New York: Oxford University Press. March 22, 2021.

Baron, Naomi S. “Why do we remember more by reading in print vs. on a screen?” Neuropsych.
https://bigthink.com/neuropsych/reading-memory/, May 9, 2021.

Becker-Phelps, Leslie. “Don’t Just React: Choose Your Response” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/making-change/201307/dont-just-react-choose-your-response, July 23, 2013.

Beland, Louis-Philippe, and Richard Murphy. “Ill Communication: Technology, distraction & student performance” Labour Economics. Elsevier B.V.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927537116300136, April 16, 2016

Belkhir, Lotfi and Ahmed Elmeligi. “Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 & recommendations” Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 177, Pages 448-463. Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.239, March 10, 2018.

Belkin, Douglas; Ben Chapma; and Ben Kesling. “‘How Do I Do That?’ The New Hires of 2023 Are Unprepared for Work” The Wall Street Journal.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/lost-learning-remote-pandemic-workplace-skills-new-employees-51351b33.

Berger, Eric. “By 2010 most science Ph.D.s will go to foreign-born students” SciGuy.
http://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2007/11/by-2010-most-science-ph-d-s-will-go-to-foreign-born-students/, November 21, 2007.

Berman, Robby. “A home library can have a powerful effect on children: A new study finds that simply growing up in a home with enough books increases adult literacy and math prowess.” BigThink.
https://bigthink.com/the-present/mind-brain-home-library-benefits, October 13, 2018.

Bernstein, Emily E. and Richard J. McNally. “Acute aerobic exercise helps overcome emotion regulation deficits” Cognition and Emotion, DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1168284
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1168284, April 4, 2016.

Birdsong, Kristina. “This is Your Child’s Brain on TV” Scientific Learning.
http://54.186.226.228/blog/your-childs-brain-tv, March 22, 2016.

Birken, Emily Guy. “This Is How Americans Spent Their Money in the 1950s” WiseBread.
https://www.wisebread.com/this-is-how-americans-spent-their-money-in-the-1950s, January 12, 2016.

Blachowicz, James. “There Is No Scientific Method” The Stone, New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/opinion/there-is-no-scientific-method.html, July 4, 2016.

Bowles, Nellie. “Human Contact Is Now a Luxury Good: Screens used to be for the elite. Now avoiding them is a status symbol.” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/23/sunday-review/human-contact-luxury-screens.html, March 23, 2019.

Bowles, Nellie. “The Digital Gap Between Rich and Poor Kids Is Not What We Expected” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/style/digital-divide-screens-schools.html, October 26, 2018.

Boyse, Kyla. “Television and Children” Michigan Medicine (University of Michigan).
http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/tv.htm, August 2010.
Updated: Radesky, Jenny MD. “Kids and Digital Media” Michigan Medicine (University of Michigan Health).
https://www.mottchildren.org/posts/your-child/kids-and-digital-media, May 2017.

Bradberry, Travis and Jean Greaves. Emotional Intelligence 2.0 (San Diego, California: TalentSmart, 2009).

  • Bradberry, Travis. “9 Habits of Profoundly Influential People”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/critical-habits-profoundly-influential-people-dr-travis-bradberry/, July 20, 2015.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “9 Surprising Things Ultra Productive People Do Every Day”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/surprising-things-ultra-productive-people-do-every-day-bradberry/, November 7, 2016.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “11 Things Ultra-Productive People Do Differently” Forbes.
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/travisbradberry/2015/05/13/11-things-ultra-productive-people-do-differently/, May 13, 2015.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “12 Habits of Genuine People”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-being-genuine-dr-travis-bradberry/, November 15, 2015.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “13 Habits of Exceptionally Likeable People”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/13-habits-exceptionally-likeable-people-dr-travis-bradberry, January 27, 2015.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “13 Things Mentally Strong People Won’t Do”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/13-things-mentally-strong-people-wont-do-dr-travis-bradberry/, September 11, 2017.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “Eight Habits of Considerate People”.
    https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/eight-habits-considerate-people-dr-travis-bradberry, November 8, 2017.
  • Bradberry, Travis. “These are the habits that mentally strong people rely on” World Economic Forum.
    https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/habits-to-help-you-develop-mental-strength, October 26, 2016.

Brandslet, Steinar. “Students learn better writing by hand: We learn much better if we take notes the old-fashioned way, by hand, and now researchers know more about why this is.” Futurity. Original Study DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945.
https://www.futurity.org/writing-by-hand-learning-3253352-2/, October 15, 2024.

Brooks, David. “Why Your Social Life Is Not What It Should Be” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/25/opinion/social-life-talk-strangers.html, August 25, 2022.

Brown, Stuart. “Play, Spirit, and Character” Interview for On Being with Krista Tippett, a Peabody Award-winning public radio show and podcast.
https://onbeing.org/programs/stuart-brown-play-spirit-and-character/, June 19, 2014.

Bryson, Carey. “Babies and TV: Is Screen Time Good for Your Little One?” ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/should-babies-watch-tv-2107982, June 22, 2017.

Buckner, Candace. “NBA players know they’re addicted to their phones. Good luck getting them to unplug” The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nba-players-know-theyre-addicted-to-their-phones-good-luck-getting-them-to-unplug/2018/03/19/6165cb96-2563-11e8-b79d-f3d931db7f68_story.html, March 19, 2018.

Burhan, R., & Moradzadeh, J. “Neurotransmitter Dopamine (DA) and its Role in the Development of Social Media Addiction” Journal of Neurology, 11(7), 507.
https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/neurotransmitter-dopamine-da-and-its-role-in-the-development-of-social-media-addiction-59222.html, 2020.

Carey, Kevin. “Americans Think We Have the World’s Best Colleges. We Don’t.” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/upshot/americans-think-we-have-the-worlds-best-colleges-we-dont.html, June 28, 2014.

Carter, Christine. “Three Risks of Too Much Screen Time for Teens” Greater Good. Greater Good Science Center (GGSC), University of California, Berkeley.
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/three_risks_of_too_much_screen_time_for_teens, November 27, 2018.

Chervinsky, Lindsay M. “George Washington: Life in Brief” Miller Center, University of Virginia.
https://millercenter.org/president/washington, Accessed March 18, 2022
https://millercenter.org/president/washington/life-in-brief, Accessed March 18, 2022.

“Children who watch ‘excessive’ amounts of TV are more likely to have criminal convictions, exhibit aggression and experience negative emotions: study.” New York Daily News.
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/kids-watch-excessive-tv-criminal-convictions-young-adulthood-study-article-1.1267868, February 19, 2013.

Christensen, Allan Stromfeldt. “Lemminged: to be herded off the peak oil cliff by filmmakers” TransitionVoice.com.
http://transitionvoice.com/2014/11/lemminged-to-be-herded-off-the-peak-oil-cliff-by-filmmakers/, November 11, 2014.

Chua, Celestine. “Top 10 Reasons You Should Stop Watching TV” Personal Excellence: Be Your Best Self, Live Your Best Life.
http://personalexcellence.co/blog/top-10-reasons-you-should-stop-watching-tv/, May 2, 2010

Cicero, Marcus Tullius. De Oratore, Book II §36. The Loeb Classical Library, English translation Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1967.
https://archive.org/stream/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft_djvu.txt, 55 BC.

Constine, Josh. “Jeff Bezos’ guide to life” TechCrunch.
https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/05/jeff-bezos-guide-to-life/, November 5, 2017.

Cooper, Anderson. “Groundbreaking study examines effects of screen time on kids” CBSNews.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/groundbreaking-study-examines-effects-of-screen-time-on-kids-60-minutes/, December 9, 2018.

Cooper, Belle Beth. “How to Be a Success at Everything” Fast Company.
https://www.fastcompany.com/3056613/how-i-became-a-morning-person-read-more-books-and-learned-, February 12, 2016.

Cross, Daile. “Treat TV like passive smoking when it comes to children” WA Today.
https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/treat-tv-like-passive-smoking-when-it-comes-to-children-20171106-gzftv4.html, November 9, 2017.

Courogen, Carrie. “9 Harsh Realities About Graduating College That I Wish Someone Had Warned Me About” Bustle.
https://www.bustle.com/articles/80461-9-harsh-realities-about-graduating-college-that-i-wish-someone-had-warned-me-about, May 4, 2015.

Cuddy, Alice. “The IQ of Europeans is dropping due to technology, say researchers” Euronews.
https://www.euronews.com/2017/12/29/the-iq-of-europeans-is-dropping-due-to-technology-say-researchers, December 29, 2017.

Curry, David. “BeReal Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/bereal-statistics/, November 10, 2022.

Dahl, Melissa. “How Neuroscientists Explain the Mind-Clearing Magic of Running” Science of Us, Huffington Post.
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/science-of-us/how-neuroscientists-expla_b_9787466.html, December 6, 2017.

Deese, Kaelan. “Oregon governor signs bill ending reading and math proficiency requirements for graduation” YahooNews.
https://www.yahoo.com/now/oregon-governor-signs-bill-ending-154100667.html, August 10, 2021.

Dong, Guangheng; Yanbo Hu; Xiao Lin. “Reward/punishment sensitivities among internet addicts: Implications for their addictive behaviors” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Volume 46, October 1, 2013, Pages 139-145.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278584613001486, July 19, 2013.

Doverspike, William F., Ph.D. “How To Make Yourself Miserable: Discovering the Secrets to Unhappiness” Georgia Psychological Association. Atlanta.
http://gapsychology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=341, accessed September 29, 2014.
Also: Drdoverspike.com.
http://drwilliamdoverspike.com/files/how_to_make_yourself_miserable_revised_version.pdf.

Dovey, Ceridwen. “Can Reading Make You Happier?” The New Yorker.
http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/can-reading-make-you-happier, June 9, 2015.

Dunckley, Victoria L., MD. “Dumb & Dumber: Interactive Screentime is Worse than TV” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-wealth/201408/dumb-dumber-interactive-screentime-is-worse-tv, August 29, 2014.

Dunckley, Victoria L., MD. “Electronic Screen Syndrome: An Unrecognized Disorder? Screentime and the rise of mental disorders in children.” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-wealth/201207/electronic-screen-syndrome-unrecognized-disorder, July 23, 2012.

Dunckley, Victoria L., MD. “Gray Matters: Too Much Screen Time Damages the Brain” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-wealth/201402/gray-matters-too-much-screen-time-damages-the-brain, February 27, 2014.

Dunckley, Victoria L., MD. “Screentime and Arrested Social Development” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mental-wealth/201606/screentime-and-arrested-social-development, June 30, 2016.

Dunckley, Victoria L., MD. Video Talk (YouTube).
https://youtu.be/SWQuNnCdN5Y, November 8, 2018.

Dunning, David. “We Are All Confident Idiots” Pacific Standard.
https://www3.nd.edu/~ghaeffel/ConfidentIdiots.pdf, October 27, 2014.

Dunning, David and Justin Kruger. “Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999, Vol. 77, No. 6, 1121-1134. American Psychological Association.
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1121

Dwyer, Ryan J., Kostadin Kushlev, Elizabeth W. Dunn. “Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Elsevier B.V.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103117301737, September 2018.

Educational Testing Service (ETS). “America’s Skills Challenge: Millennials and the Future” The ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education. Princeton, NJ: January 2015.
https://www.ets.org/s/research/30079/asc-millennials-and-the-future.pdf.

Epley, Nicholas; Juliana Schroeder. “Mistakenly Seeking Solitude” Journal of Experimental Psychology, American Psychological Association. 2014, Vol. 143, No. 5, pp. 1980–1999.
https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/5c484e0f4aa6f839dc553c45/5c9540a7e291048443c0c276_EpleySchroederJEPG2014.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037323, accessed August 29, 2022.

Epley, Nicholas; Michael Kardas; Xuan Zhao; Stav Atir; Juliana Schroeder. “Undersociality: miscalibrated social cognition can inhibit social connection” Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Vol. 26, Issue 5, pp. 406–418, May 1, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.02.007, March 24, 2022.

Fabritius, Friederike; Hans W. Hagemann. The Leading Brain: Neuroscience Hacks to Work Smarter, Better, Happier. TarcherPerigee, February 20, 2018.

Fang, Richard. The psychology of why social media is so addictive. UX Collective.
https://uxdesign.cc/the-psychology-of-why-social-media-is-so-addictive-67830266657d, September 21, 2020.

Fields, Douglas. “Watching TV Alters Children’s Brain Structure and Lowers IQ”.
http://rdouglasfields.com/2015/05/watching-tv-alters-childrens-brain-structure-and-lowers-iq/, May 4, 2015.

Fisher, Matthew et al. “Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge” Journal of Experimental Psychology 144(3). pp. 674–687, June 2015.

Flynn, James and Michael Shayer. “IQ decline and Piaget: Does the rot start at the top?” Intelligence, Volume 66, Pages 112-121. Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2017.11.010, December 8, 2017.

Fox, EJ and Mike Spies. “Who Was America’s Most Well-Spoken President?” Vocativ.
http://www.vocativ.com/interactive/usa/us-politics/presidential-readability/, October 10, 2014.
and
Fairchild, Quentin B. “Presidential speechmaking in an age of ignorance” News-Press.
https://www.news-press.com/story/opinion/contributors/2014/11/05/pr

Freed, Richard. “The Tech Industry’s War on Kids: How psychology is being used as a weapon against children” Blog, Child and adolescent psychologist Richard Freed.
https://medium.com/@richardnfreed/the-tech-industrys-psychological-war-on-kids-c452870464ce, March 12, 2018.

Frey, Bruno S.; Christine Benesch; Alois Stutzer. “Does watching TV make us happy?” Journal of Economic Psychology, Volume 28, Issue 3, Pages 283–313, June 2007. Elsevier B.V. (ScienceDirect.com).
https://www.bsfrey.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/does-watching-tv-make-us-happy.pdf, February 14, 2007.
Updated URLs:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.02.001,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167487007000104.

Friedman, Thomas. Thank You for Being Late. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (Picador), 2017.

Frierson, William. “Dream vs. Reality: What Happens After Graduation” College Recruiter.
https://www.collegerecruiter.com/blog/2015/07/14/dream-vs-reality-what-happens-after-graduation/, July 14, 2015.

Gardner, Amanda. “TV watching raises risk of health problems, dying young” CNN.
http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/06/14/tv.watching.unhealthy/, June 14, 2011.

Anderson-Niles, Amanda. “Gender Switch: When Did Men Become So Feminine?” Urban Belle Magazine.
https://urbanbellemag.com/2010/10/gender-switch-when-did-men-become-so-feminine/, October 18, 2010.

Goldsmith, Belinda. “Watching hours of TV daily could shorten your life – study” Ed. Miral Fahmy. Reuters.
http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-45316820100111, January 12, 2010.

Gollwitzer, Peter M., et al., “When Intentions Go Public: Does Social Reality Widen the Intention-Behavior Gap?” Psychological Science 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 612.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02336.x, May 1, 2009.

Grabmeier, Jeff. “Both liberals, conservatives can have science bias: Study finds different topics bedevil the left and right” The Ohio State University.
https://news.osu.edu/news/2015/02/09/both-liberals-conservatives-can-have-science-bias/, February 09, 2015.

Ha, Thu-Huong. “New research links reading books with longer life” Quartz.
http://qz.com/754109/new-research-links-reading-books-with-longer-life/, August 10, 2016.

Haden, Jeff. “How the Smartest Minds Use Intuition and Emotional Intelligence to Make Better Decisions, Backed by Science: Experience matters, but research shows high emotional intelligence can also make intuitive decisions even more accurate” Inc.com.
https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/how-smartest-minds-use-intuition-emotional-intelligence-to-make-better-decisions-backed-by-science.html, April 8, 2022.

Haden, Jeff. The Motivation Myth. New York: Penguin, 2018.

Hamilton, Jon. “How Play Wires Kids’ Brains For Social and Academic Success” KQED News. KQED.org, National Public Radio (NPR), Copyright 2014.
http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/08/07/how-play-wires-kids-brains-for-social-and-academic-success/, August 7, 2014.

Han, Seunghee; Jang Hyun Kim; Ki Joon Kim. “Understanding Nomophobia: Structural Equation Modeling and Semantic Network Analysis of Smartphone Separation Anxiety.” US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28650222, June 26, 2017.

Hatano, Aya, PhD, Kyoto University; Cansu Ogulmus, PhD, University of Tübingen; Kou Murayama, PhD, University of Tübingen; Hiroaki Shigemasu, PhD, Kochi University of Technology. “Thinking About Thinking: People Underestimate How Enjoyable and Engaging Just Waiting Is” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2022/07/thoughts-mind-wander, July 28, 2022.

Hawkley, Louise C., Ph.D. ; John T. Cacioppo, Ph.D. “Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms” Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Volume 40, Issue 2, October 2010, Pages 218–227.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8.
Healey, Aleeya and Alan Mendelsohn. “Selecting Appropriate Toys for Young Children in the Digital Era” American Academy of Pediatrics.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/11/29/peds.2018-3348, December 2018.
Print Source: Pediatrics, Volume 143, number 1, January 2019 (Copyright © American Academy of Pediatrics 2019).

Healy, Jane M. Endangered Minds: Why Children Don’t Think And What We Can Do About It. Simon & Schuster. September 1, 1999. Jane M. Healy. “Endangered Minds” Creating the Future: Perspectives on Educational Change. Ed. Dee Dickinson. Johns Hopkins University. 2012.

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gogh/hd_gogh.htm, July, 30 2015.

Heitman, Danny. “I’m Revisiting the Books of My Youth” The Wall Street Journal, Vol. CCLXXXI No. 97. Thursday April 27, 2023.

Henderson, Emma. “Watching lots of TV ‘makes you stupid’” The Independent.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/watching-lots-of-tv-makes-you-stupid-says-american-universities-a6759026.html, December 3, 2015.

Heshmat, Shahram. “What Is Confirmation Bias?” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/science-choice/201504/what-is-confirmation-bias, April 23, 2015.

Hickman, Martin. “Watching TV ‘makes toddlers less intelligent’” The Independent.
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/watching-tv-makes-toddlers-less-intelligent-1960856.html, May 2, 2010.

Higgins, E. Tory. “Self-Discrepancy Theory” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 22. Leonard Berkowitz, ed. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press. March 28, 1989) pp. 93–135 (specific referenced quotes on pp. 118–119).

Hill, David L. “Why to Avoid TV Before Age 2” (early brain development). American Academy of Pediatrics.
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/Media/Pages/Why-to-Avoid-TV-Before-Age-2.aspx, May 11, 2013.
Original Source: Dad to Dad: Parenting Like a Pro (Copyright © American Academy of Pediatrics 2012).

Hinckley, David. “Average American watches 5 hours of TV per day, report shows” New York Daily News.
https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/average-american-watches-5-hours-tv-day-article-1.1711954, March 5, 2014.

Hoang, Tina D., MSPH; Jared Reis, PhD; Na Zhu, MD, MPH; David R. Jacobs Jr, PhD; Lenore J. Launer, PhD; Rachel A. Whitmer, PhD; Stephen Sidney, MD; Kristine Yaffe, MD. “Effect of Early Adult Patterns of Physical Activity and Television Viewing on Midlife Cognitive Function” JAMA Psychiatry (The Journal of the American Medical Association).
http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2471270, January 2016, Vol 73, No. 1.

Holthaus, Eric and Chris Kirk. “A Filthy History: Interactive map: Which countries have emitted the most carbon since 1850?” Slate.com.
http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/05/carbon_dioxide_emissions_by_country_over_time_the_worst_global_warming_polluters.html.

“HOME-SCHOOLING: Outstanding results on national tests” The Washington Times.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/30/home-schooling-outstanding-results-national-tests/, August 30, 2009.

“How Satellites Work With Mobile Phones” CompareMyMobile.
http://blog.comparemymobile.com/how-satellites-work-with-mobile-phones/, accessed December 21, 2017.

Hu, Elise. “Facebook Makes Us Sadder And Less Satisfied, Study Finds” National Public Radio.
http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2013/08/19/213568763/researchers-facebook-makes-us-sadder-and-less-satisfied, August 20, 2013.

Hunt, Melissa G.; Rachel Marx; Courtney Lipson; Jordyn Young. “No More FOMO: Limiting Social Media Decreases Loneliness and Depression” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. Guilford Press.
https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.10.751, October 18, 2018.

Hurley, Bevan. “Family claim 10-year-old obsessed with gadgets fatally shot his mother for refusing to buy him a VR headset” The Independent.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/quiana-mann-son-murder-virtual-reality-b2253013.html, December 29, 2022.

Hutton, John S., MS, MD; Jonathan Dudley, PhD; Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus, PhD. “Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children” American Medical Association: JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):e193869. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2754101, November 4, 2019.

Hyodo, Kazuki and Ippeita Dan, Yasushi Kyutoku, Kazuya Suwabe, Kyeongho Byun, Genta Ochi, Morimasa Kato, Hideaki Soya. “The association between aerobic fitness and cognitive function in older men mediated by frontal lateralization” NeuroImage, v. 125, pp. 291–300, January 15, 2016.

“I’m Addicted to Television”: The Personality, Imagination, and TV Watching Patterns of Self-Identified TV Addicts. Robert D. McIlwraith in Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, Vol. 42, No. 3, pages 371–386; Summer 1998.

Ingraham, Christopher. “Today’s men are not nearly as strong as their dads were, researchers say” Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/08/15/todays-men-are-nowhere-near-as-strong-as-their-dads-were-researchers-say/, August 15, 2016.

Iqbal, Mansoor. “TikTok Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/tik-tok-statistics/, November 11, 2022.

Iqbal, Mansoor. “Snapchat Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/snapchat-statistics/, August 31, 2022.

Iqbal, Mansoor. “Facebook Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/facebook-statistics/, November 24, 2022.

Iqbal, Mansoor. “Instagram Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/instagram-statistics/, September 6, 2022.

Iqbal, Mansoor. “Twitter Revenue and Usage Statistics (2022)” Business of Apps.
https://www.businessofapps.com/data/twitter-statistics/, November 4, 2022.

Jacobs, Tom. “Searching the Internet Creates an Illusion of Knowledge” Pacific Standard online.
https://psmag.com/environment/searching-internet-creates-the-illusion-of-knowledge-, April 1, 2015.

James, Henry. The Tragic Muse. p. 582. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1948.

Jaschik, Scott. “Let the Right Ones In” Slate.com.
http://www.slate.com/articles/life/inside_higher_ed/2014/10/college_admissions_rose_hulman_institute_of_technology_uses_locus_of_control.html, October 30, 2014.

Jayson, Sharon. “Generation Y’s goal? Wealth and fame” USA Today.
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-09-gen-y-cover_x.htm, Posted January 9,2007, Updated January 10, 2007.

Johnson, Stephen. “China’s schoolkids beat American students in all academic categories” bigthink.com.
https://bigthink.com/the-present/pisa-test-china/#rebelltitem4, December 5, 2019.

Jordan, Alexander H., Benoît Monin, Carol S. Dweck, Benjamin J. Lovett, Oliver P. John, and James J. Gross. “Misery Has More Company Than People Think: Underestimating the Prevalence of Others’ Negative Emotions”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin January 2011 37: 120-135. National Institutes of Health.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4138214/, January 2011, latest update August 19, 2014.

Joyce, Amy. “How helicopter parents are ruining college students” The Washington Post.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2014/09/02/how-helicopter-parents-are-ruining-college-students/, September 2, 2014

Kardaras, Nicholas. “It’s ‘digital heroin’: How screens turn kids into psychotic junkies” The New York Post.
https://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/, August 27, 2016.

Kardaras, Nicholas. “Kids turn violent as parents battle ‘digital heroin’ addiction” The New York Post.
https://nypost.com/2016/08/27/its-digital-heroin-how-screens-turn-kids-into-psychotic-junkies/, December 17, 2016.

Kardaras, Nicholas. “The case against screens in schools” The New York Post.
https://nypost.com/2016/12/17/the-case-against-screens-in-schools/, December 17, 2016.

Kardas, Michael; Amit Kumar; Nicholas Epley. “Overly Shallow?: Miscalibrated Expectations Create a Barrier to Deeper Conversation” Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition. American Psychological Association.
https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspa0000281.pdf, May 4, 2021.

Kardas, Michael; J. Schroeder; and E. O’Brien. “Keep talking: (Mis)understanding the hedonic trajectory of conversation” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2022-16089-001?doi=1
https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fpspi0000379, accessed August 29, 2022.

Kennedy-Moore, Eileen. “Do Boys Need Rough and Tumble Play?” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/growing-friendships/201506/do-boys-need-rough-and-tumble-play, June 30, 2015.

Keohane, Joe. “How Facts Backfire: Researchers Discover a Surprising Threat to Democracy: Our Brains” Boston Globe online.
http://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2010/07/11/how_facts_backfire/, July 11, 2010.

Kharpal, Arjun; Lauren Feiner. “China to ban kids from playing online games for more than three hours per week” CNBC.
https://cnb.cx/2V4tkMw
(also https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/30/china-to-ban-kids-from-playing-online-games-for-more-than-three-hours-per-week.html), August 30 2021.

Kim, Juliana. “How ‘goblin mode’ became Oxford’s word of the year” NPR.
https://www.npr.org/2022/12/05/1140696560/oxford-word-2022-goblin-mode, December 5, 2022.

Kim, Kyung Hee. “The Creativity Crisis: The Decrease in Creative Thinking Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking” Creativity Research Journal, 23:4, 285–295. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10400419.2011.627805, November 9, 2011.
Downloaded by the College of William and Mary:
https://kkim.wmwikis.net/file/view/Kim_2011_Creativity_crisis.pdf, April 3, 2012.

Kirk, Chris. “Five Charts That Show Americans Families’ Debt Crisis” Slate.com. (Data from the Federal Reserve Bank, St. Louis.)
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_united_states_of_debt/2016/05/the_rise_of_household_debt_in_the_u_s_in_five_charts.html, May 12, 2016.

Klass, Perri, M.D. “Why Handwriting Is Still Essential in the Keyboard Age” The New York Times.
https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/06/20/why-handwriting-is-still-essential-in-the-keyboard-age, June 20, 2016.

Knott, Stephen, ed. “Life Before the Presidency” American President: George Washington (1732–1799), Essays on George Washington and His Administration. Miller Center, University of Virginia.
http://millercenter.org/president/washington/essays/biography/2, accessed November 19, 2014.

Koetsier, John. “Digital Crack Cocaine: The Science Behind TikTok’s Success” Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoetsier/2020/01/18/digital-crack-cocaine-the-science-behind-tiktoks-success/, January 18, 2020.

Kopf, Dan. “The share of American young adults living with their parents is the highest in 75 years” Quartz.
https://qz.com/1248081/the-share-of-americans-age-25-29-living-with-parents-is-the-highest-in-75-years/, April 10, 2018.

Krieger, Richard Alan. Civilization’s Quotations: Life’s Ideal. (New York: Algora Publishing, 2002) p. 122.

Kross, Ethan; Philippe Verduyn, Emre Demiralp, Jiyoung Park, David Seungjae Lee, Natalie Lin, Holly Shablack, John Jonides, Oscar Ybarra. “Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults” PLoS ONE 8(8): e69841. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069841.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069841, August 14, 2013.

Krugman, Herbert E. “Brain Wave Measures of Media Involvement” How Advertising Works: The Role of Research. (New York SAGE Publications, 1998) pp. 139–151.

Krugman, Herbert E., and Eugene L. Hartley. “Passive Learning From Television” The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2. (Oxford University Press, 1970) pp. 184-190.

Kubey, Robert and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. “Television Addiction is no mere metaphor” Scientific American.
http://www.academia.edu/5065840/Television_Addiction_is_no_mere_metaphor, accessed January 23, 2016.

Kubey, Robert and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. Television and the Quality of Life: How Viewing Shapes Everyday Experience. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990.

Kubey, Robert; Michael J. Lavin and John R. Barrows. “Internet Use and Collegiate Academic Performance Decrements: Early Findings”. Journal of Communication, Vol. 51, No. 2, pages 366–382; June 2001.

Kubu, Cynthia, PhD; and Andre Machado, MD. “The Science Is Clear: Why Multitasking Doesn’t Work” Cleveland Clinic Health Essentials.
https://health.clevelandclinic.org/science-clear-multitasking-doesnt-work/, June 1, 2017, updated March 10, 2021.

LaMotte, Sandee. “MRIs show screen time linked to lower brain development in preschoolers” CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/04/health/screen-time-lower-brain-development-preschoolers-wellness/index.html, November 4, 2019.

Lang, Annie. The Limited Capacity Model of Mediated Message Processing. Journal of Communication, Vol. 50, No. 1, pages 46–70; March 2000.

Lee-Won, R. J., Herzog, L., & Park, S. G. “Hooked on Facebook: The role of social anxiety and need for social assurance in problematic use of Facebook” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(10), 567-574.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26383178/, Sep 18, 2015.

Leonard, Tom. “‘Passive’ TV Can Harm Your Baby’s Speech Making It Harder for Them to Later Cope In School” Daily Mail.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2054950/Passive-TV-watching-harm-babies-speech.html, October 28, 2011.

Liebert, Mary Ann. “Understanding smartphone separation anxiety and what smartphones mean to people”. Phys.org.
https://phys.org/news/2017-08-smartphone-anxiety-smartphones-people.html, August 14, 2017.

Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Primack, B. A. “Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults” Depression and anxiety, 33(4), 323-331.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466, January 19, 2016.

Lissak, Gadi. “Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study”. Environmental Research, Volume 164, July 2018, Pages 149-157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015
(also https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001393511830015X), February, 27 2018.

MacBeth, Tannis M., ed. Television Dependence, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Robert W. Kubey in Tuning in to Young Viewers: Social Science Perspectives on Television. Sage, 1995.

Madigan, Sheri, PhD; Dillon Browne, PhD; Nicole Racine, PhD. “Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test” American Medical Association: JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(3):244-250. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2722666, January 28, 2019.

Maker, Azmaira H. “Screen Time: The Impact on Kids and Parenting: New research explains the significant negative effects of excessive screen time.” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/helping-kids-cope/201808/screen-time-the-impact-kids-and-parenting, August 19, 2018.

Mangen, Anne; Bente R. Walgermo; Kolbjørn Brønnick. “Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension” International Journal of Educational Research, Volume 58, 2013, Pages 61–68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002, January 5, 2013.

Marshall, Ron. “How Many Ads Do You See in One Day?” Red Crow Marketing.
https://www.redcrowmarketing.com/2015/09/10/many-ads-see-one-day/, September 10, 2015.

“Masculine and Feminine Roles in Relationships (Sociology Essay)” UKEssays.
http://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/masculine-and-feminine-roles-in-relationships-sociology-essay.php, November 2013, updates May 2017, November 2018.

Mathews, Jay. “Some kids need harder lessons than schools are willing to give them: New data reveals stubborn preference for below grade-level instruction” The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2022/08/21/grade-level-reading-difficulty-challenge/, August 21, 2022.

McCarthy, Caroline. “Hulu: We’re evil, and proud of it” CNet.
https://www.cnet.com/news/hulu-were-evil-and-proud-of-it/, February 2, 2009.

Michel, Dan, Remorse of Conscience, or Ayenbite of inwyt, ed. Richard Morris (London: N. Trubner & Co., 1895) pp. 74-75. Morris’ 1895 republication is from Michel’s 1340 translation from French to Kentish. Michel’s 1340 translation is of the 13th century French Somme le Roi. My quote is from a translation of the 1340 Kentish into modern English, translation by Judith G. Humphries, in “The Personification of Death in Middle English Literature” (Denton, Texas: 1970, North Texas State University) p. 10.

Midling, Anne Sliper. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. “Why writing by hand makes kids smarter: Writing by hand creates much more activity in the sensorimotor parts of the brain, researchers found.” ScienceDaily.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201001113540.htm, October 1, 2020.

Mischel, W., and E. B. Ebbesen (1970). “Attention in delay of gratification” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 329–337.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029815.

Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. “Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories” International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(14), 2612 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142612, July 23, 2019.

Mooney, Chris. “Liberals deny science, too” The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/28/liberals-deny-science-too/, October 28, 2014.

Morrow, Jon. “How to Be Smart in a World of Dumb Bloggers” BoostBlogTraffic.
http://boostblogtraffic.com/smart-blogger/, September 17, 2013.
https://smartblogger.com/how-to-start-a-blog/, updated February 28, 2022.

Morrow, Jon. “On Gluttony, Selfishness, and Unleashing the Power Within” BoostBlogTraffic.
http://boostblogtraffic.com/unleash-your-power/, November 27, 2014.

“Most teenagers know smartphones compromise their lives, wish to curb use” The Economic Times.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/most-teenagers-know-smartphones-compromise-their-lives-wish-to-curb-use/articleshow/64707105.cms, June 23, 2018.
Also see: Annie Sneed. “Are you addicted to your phone? Here is how to cut back” The Economic Times.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/how-to/are-you-addicted-to-your-phone-here-is-how-you-can-cut-back/articleshow/89607023.cms, February 16, 2022.

Nagata, Jason M. MD, MSc; Puja Iyer BA; Jonathan Chu BA; Fiona C. Baker PhD; Kelley Pettee Gabriel MS, PhD; Andrea K. Garber PhD, RD; Stuart B. Murray DClinPsych, PhD; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo PhD, MD, MAS; Kyle T. Ganson PhD, MSW. “Contemporary screen time modalities among children 9–10 years old and binge-eating disorder at one-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study” International Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol. 54, Issue 5, pages 887–892.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.23489, March 1, 2021.

Nagata, Jason M.; Puja Iyer; Jonathan Chu; Fiona C. Baker; Kelley Pettee Gabriel; Andrea K. Garber; Stuart B. Murray; Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo; Kyle T. Ganson. “Contemporary screen time usage among children 9–10-years-old is associated with higher body mass index percentile at 1-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study” Pediatric Obesity, Vol. 16, Issue 12.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijpo.12827, June 28, 2021.

Newman, Virginia. Digging into Food Waste. “Students from the Wenatchee School District take a closer look at the food served in their cafeteria, from the farm to the kitchen to the trays to the trash cans.”
https://youtu.be/91vU6DLHMPs, Published October 20, 2015.

Nichols, Tom. The Death of Expertise. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Nielsen. “Percentage of Americans who say they watch too much TV: 49%” BLS American Time Use Survey, A.C. Nielsen Co.
http://www.statisticbrain.com/television-watching-statistics/, Date Verified: 12.7.2013 (July 12, 2013).

Nielsen. “Television, Internet and Mobile Usage in the U.S. — A2/M2 Three Screen Report 4th Quarter 2008”. Copyright © 2009 The Nielsen Company. http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2009/images/02/24/screen.press.b.pdf, accessed May 29, 2014.

Owenz, Meghan. “The Rich Get Smart, The Poor Get Technology: The New Digital Divide in School Choice”Screenfreeparenting.com.
https://www.screenfreeparenting.com/rich-get-smart-poor-get-technology-new-digital-divide-school-choice/, November 21, 2017.

Panksepp, Jaak. “Can PLAY diminish ADHD and facilitate the construction of the social brain?” Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (16, 57-66), 2007.

Park, Alice. “Baby Einsteins: Not So Smart After All” Time.
http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1650352,00.html, August 06, 2007.

Park, Michael; Erin Leahey; Russell J. Funk. “Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time” Nature 613, 138–144 (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05543-x (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05543-x), January 4, 2023.

Paul, Joe. “What is Nomophobia?” TimeToLogOff.com.
https://www.itstimetologoff.com/2018/06/18/what-is-nomophobia/, June 2018.

Pellis, Sergio M., and Vivien C. Pellis. “Rough-and-Tumble Play: Training and Using the Social Brain” The Oxford Handbook of the Development of Play (December 2010).
Online Reference:
http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195393002.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195393002-e-019, September 2012.

Pells, Rachael. “Today’s four-year-olds often ‘not physically ready’ for school, experts warn” Independent.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/school-age-four-year-old-children-not-physically-ready-experts-warn-a7220476.html, September 1, 2016.

“Physical Fighting by Youth” Child Trends Databank.
https://www.childtrends.org/indicators/physical-fighting-by-youth/, Accessed December 23, 2017.

Pickersgill, Eric. Removed.
http://www.removed.social/, accessed October 21, 2015.

Place, Nathan. “Son accused of murdering parents after pretending to work at SpaceX” The Independent.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/son-murder-parents-spacex-wisconsin-b1988292.html, January 7, 2022.

“Planet or Plastic? A Brief History of How Plastic Has Changed Our World” National Geographic.
https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/planet-or-plastic/180516-ngm-brief-history-of-plastic, Accessed May 18, 2018.

Quast, Lisa. “Why Grit Is More Important Than IQ When You’re Trying To Become Successful” Forbes.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/lisaquast/2017/03/06/why-grit-is-more-important-than-iq-when-youre-trying-to-become-successful/, March 6, 2017.

Rampell, Catherine. “The rise of the ‘gentleman’s A’ and the GPA arms race” The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-rise-of-the-gentlemans-a-and-the-gpa-arms-race/2016/03/28/05c9e966-f522-11e5-9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html, March 28, 2016.

Randazzo, Sarah. “Schools Ditch Homework, Deadlines” The Wall Street Journal, Vol. CCLXXXI No. 97. Thursday April 27, 2023.

Rapaport, Lisa. “Screen time linked to ADHD symptoms in teens” Reuters.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-adhd-digital-media/screen-time-linked-to-adhd-symptoms-in-teens-idUSKBN1K72L8, July 17, 2018.

Redden, Elizabeth. “Foreign Student Dependence” Inside Higher Education.
https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/07/12/new-report-shows-dependence-us-graduate-programs-foreign-students, July 12, 2013.

Reichel, Chloe. “The health effects of screen time on children: A research roundup” Journalist’s Resource.
https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/public-health/screen-time-children-health-research/, May 14, 2019.

Richards, Rosalina; Rob McGee; Sheila M. Williams; David Welch; and Robert J. Hancox. “Adolescent Screen Time and Attachment to Parents and Peers” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 164, no. 3 (March 2010): 258–62. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.280.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/382905, March 1, 2010.

Richtel, Matt. “A Silicon Valley School That Doesn’t Compute” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/technology/at-waldorf-school-in-silicon-valley-technology-can-wait.html, October 22, 2011.

Richtel, Matt. “The Myth of Multitasking” Attached to Technology and Paying a Price, p. 2.
Updated Title: “Your Brain on Computers: Attached to Technology and Paying a Price”
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/technology/07brain.html, June 6, 2010.

“The Rise of American Consumerism” PBS.ORG.
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tupperware-consumer/, accessed December 15, 2018.

Rothman, Johanna. “Why Multitasking Doesn’t Work” Pragmatic Manager.
https://www.jrothman.com/newsletter/2011/01/why-multitasking-doesnt-work/, January 1, 2011.

Ruiz, Rebecca R. “Betting Apps Can Make Anyone a Sports Fan. Even Me” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/24/business/sports-betting-apps.html, December 24, 2022.

Ryan, Claudine. “Why is watching TV so bad for you?” ABC Health & Wellbeing.
http://www.abc.net.au/health/thepulse/stories/2014/07/24/4043618.htm, July 24, 2014.

Satariano, Adam. “British Ruling Pins Blame on Social Media for Teenager’s Suicide” The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/01/business/instagram-suicide-ruling-britain.html, October 1, 2022.

Schor, Edward L. Caring for your school-age child : ages 5 to 12. American Academy of Pediatrics. New York : Bantam Books, 2004.
“What Children are NOT Doing When Watching TV” American Academy of Pediatrics.
http://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/Media/Pages/What-Children-are-NOT-Doing-When-Watching-TV.aspx, May 11, 2013.
Also See: Caring for Our Children. A Joint Collaborative Project of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association.
https://nrckids.org/files/CFOC4%20pdf-%20FINAL.pdf, 2019.

Schulte, Brigid. Overwhelmed: Work, Love, and Play When No One Has the Time. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc./Sarah Crichton Books, 2014.

Schuman, Rebecca. “Welcome to 13th Grade!” Slate.com.
https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/high-schools-offer-a-fifth-year-13th-grade-is-a-great-idea.html, October 22, 2014.

Schwartz, Mel. “Is Our Society Manufacturing Depressed People?” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/shift-mind/201203/is-our-society-manufacturing-depressed-people, March 19, 2012.

Sherman, L. E., Payton, A. A., Hernandez, L. M., Greenfield, P. M., & Dapretto, M. “The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media” Psychological science, 27(7), 1027–1035.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616645673, May 31, 2016.

Sigman, Aric. “How TV Is (Quite Literally) Killing Us” Daily Mail.
http://www.whale.to/b/sigman.html, Oct 1, 2005.

Sikora, Joanna; M.D.R. Evans; Jonathan Kelley. “Scholarly culture: How books in adolescence enhance adult literacy, numeracy and technology skills in 31 societies” Social Science Research, January 2019, Volume 77, Pages 1–15.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X18300607 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.10.003), Available online October 2, 2018, Version of Record November 19, 2018.

Smith, Peter K. “Chapter 6: Physical Activity Play: Exercise Play and Rough-and-Tumble” Children and Play (April 2009).
Online Reference:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444311006.ch6, April 17, 2009.

Sornson, Bob. “Who’s Looking Out for the Children?” Early Learning Foundation.
http://earlylearningfoundation.com/whos-looking-out-for-the-children/, accessed March 18, 2017.

Sparks, Sarah D. “Students Are Behaving Badly in Class. Excessive Screen Time Might Be to Blame” Education Week.
https://www.edweek.org/leadership/students-are-behaving-badly-in-class-excessive-screen-time-might-be-to-blame/2022/04, April 12, 2022.

Sriwilai, K., & Charoensukmongkol, P. “Face it, don’t Facebook it: impacts of social media addiction on mindfulness, coping strategies and the consequence on emotional exhaustion” Stress and Health, 32(4), 427-434.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2637, March 30, 2015.

Steinmetz, Katy. “This Is What ‘Adulting’ Means” Time Magazine.
https://time.com/4361866/adulting-definition-meaning/, June 8, 2016.

Stiglic, Neza and Russell M Viner. “Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents” BMJ Journals: Pediatrics Research, Volume 9, Issue 1.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/1/e023191, January 2019.

Stillman, Jessica. “Complaining Is Terrible for You, According to Science” Inc.com.
http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/complaining-rewires-your-brain-for-negativity-science-says.html, February 29, 2016.

Stillman, Jessica. “The Cold, Hard Truth: You’re Overwhelmed Because You Want to Be” Inc.com.
http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/cure-for-feeling-overwhelmed-is-to-stop-talking-about-it.html, March 28, 2014.

Stillman, Jessica. “Which Country Has the Most Productive Workers?” Inc.com.
http://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/which-country-has-the-most-productive-workers.html, July 25, 2014.

Strasburger, Victor C., MD, FAAP, and Marjorie J. Hogan, MD, FAAP. “Children, Adolescents, and the Media”. American Academy of Pediatrics.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/132/5/958.full, May 11, 2013.

Stromberg, Joseph. “Why you should take notes by hand — not on a laptop”. Vox: Science & Health.
http://www.vox.com/2014/6/4/5776804/note-taking-by-hand-versus-laptop, March 31, 2015.

Suckling, James and Jacquetta Lee. “Redefining scope: the true environmental impact of smartphones?” The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Volume 20, Issue 8, pp 1181–1196. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.239, June 10, 2015.
Also Updated: Belkhir, Lotfi, and Ahmed Elmeligi. “Assessing ICT global emissions footprint: Trends to 2040 & recommendations” Journal of Cleaner Production. Volume 177, pp 448-463.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261733233X, Online January 2, 2018; Version of Record January 3, 2018.

Szalavitz, Maia. “Misery Has More Company Than You Think, Especially on Facebook”. Time.
http://healthland.time.com/2011/01/27/youre-not-alone-misery-has-more-company-than-you-think/, January 27, 2011.

Takeuchi, Hikaru; Yasuyuki Taki; Hiroshi Hashizume; Kohei Asano; Michiko Asano; Yuko Sassa; Susumu Yokota; Yuka Kotozaki; Rui Nouchi; and Ryuta Kawashima. “The Impact of Television Viewing on Brain Structures: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses” Cerebral Cortex, Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 1188–1197, May 2015, Oxford Journals.
https://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/18/cercor.bht315.full, April 15, 2015.
https://academic.oup.com/cercor/article/25/5/1188/311796, May 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht315, May 2015.

Tamana, Sukhpreet K.; Victor Ezeugwu; Joyce Chikuma; Diana L. Lefebvre; Meghan B. Azad; Theo J. Moraes; Padmaja Subbarao; Allan B. Becker; Stuart E. Turvey; Malcolm R. Sears; Bruce D. Dick; Valerie Carson; Carmen Rasmussen; Piush J. Mandhane. “Screen-time is associated with inattention problems in preschoolers: Results from the CHILD birth cohort study” PLOS ONE Journal of Scientific Research.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213995, April 17, 2019.

Taylor, Jim. “Parenting: The Sad Misuse of Self-esteem” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-prime/201002/parenting-the-sad-misuse-self-esteem, February 22, 2010.

Taylor, Jim. “Pro Athletes are Hooked on Social Media Too”
https://www.drjimtaylor.com/4.0/pro-athletes-are-hooked-on-social-media-too/, March 26, 2018.

“Television Addiction” All About Life Challenges.
http://www.allaboutlifechallenges.org/television-addiction.htm, accessed September 21, 2014.

“Television History – The First 75 Years” TVhistory.TV. © 2001-2013.
http://www.tvhistory.tv/facts-stats.htm.

“Television: Opiate of the Masses”. FamilyResource.com.
http://www.familyresource.com/lifestyles/mental-environment/television-opiate-of-the-masses, accessed May 29, 2014.

“TV retards your child’s development” Consumers Association of Penang.
http://www.consumer.org.my/index.php/development/education/347-tv-retards-your-childs-development, accessed July 17, 2016.
Also See:
“More arguments against TV” Consumers Association of Penang.
https://consumer.org.my/more-arguments-against-tv/, March 18, 2022.

“Television vs. Reading” Parent Soup®, a Trademark of iVillagesm Inc. Copyright 1996.
http://webshare.northseattle.edu/fam180/topics/tv/tvvsread.htm, accessed May 29, 2014.

Thompson, Alexandra. “Surgery students are struggling to use their hands because they spent ‘too much time watching TV’ rather than sewing or playing an instrument as children” The Daily Mail.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-6332847/Surgery-students-struggle-use-hands-spent-time-watching-TV.html, October 30, 2018.

Thompson, Dennis. “More Americans suffering from stress, anxiety and depression, study finds” CBS News – Healthday.
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/stress-anxiety-depression-mental-illness-increases-study-finds/, April 17, 2017.

Tintocalis, Ana. “San Francisco Middle Schools No Longer Teaching ‘Algebra 1’” The California Report, KQED News.
https://www.kqed.org/news/10610214/san-francisco-middle-schools-no-longer-teaching-algebra-1, July 22, 2015.

TNTP. “Accelerate, Don’t Remediate: New Evidence from Elementary Math Classrooms” The New Teacher Project (tntp.org).
https://tntp.org/publications/view/teacher-training-and-classroom-practice/accelerate-dont-remediate,
https://tntp.org/assets/documents/TNTP_Accelerate_Dont_Remediate_FINAL.pdf, May 23, 2021.

TNTP. “Unlocking Acceleration: How Below Grade-Level Work is Holding Students Back in Literacy” The New Teacher Project (tntp.org).
https://tntp.org/assets/documents/Unlocking_Acceleration_8.16.22.pdf, August 2022.

“Top 10 Best Clark County Public Schools (2023)” Nevada Public School Review.
https://www.publicschoolreview.com/nevada/clark-county, accessed April 28, 2023.

Toppo, Greg. “Americans trail adults in other countries in math, literacy, problem-solving” USA Today.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/08/literacy-international-workers-education-math-americans/2935909/, October 8, 2013.

Trelease, Jim. The Read-Aloud Handbook, Penguin Books, 1995.

Turner, Cory. “The Surgeon Who Became An Activist For Baby Talk” NPR Ed.
https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/09/14/437515492/the-surgeon-who-became-an-activist-for-baby-talk, September 14, 2015.

Twenge, Jean M. “Changes in how we’re spending our free time might explain the unhappiness epidemic” PsyPost.org.
https://www.psypost.org/2018/08/changes-in-how-were-spending-our-free-time-might-explain-the-unhappiness-epidemic-51893, August 5, 2018.

Twenge, Jean M. “Have Smartphones Destroyed a Generation?” The Atlantic.
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/, September 2017.

Twenge, Jean M. “This Is What Happy Teens Do. Hint: It doesn’t involve their phones.” Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/our-changing-culture/201808/is-what-happy-teens-do, August 31, 2018.

Twenge, Jean M.; G. N. Martin, W. K. Campbell. “Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology.” American Psychological Association Journal Emotion, 18(6), 765–780.
https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000403, 2018.

Twenge, Jean M.; Thomas E. Joiner; Megan L. Rogers; Gabrielle N. Martin. “Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time” Clinical Psychological Science.
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2167702617723376, November 14, 2017.

Twenge, Jean M. and W. Keith Campbell. “Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study” Preventive Medicine Reports, Volume 12, Pages 271-283. Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.003, October 18, 2018.

University of Tsukuba. “Active body, active mind: The secret to a younger brain may lie in exercising your body” ScienceDaily.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151023084456.htm, October 23, 2015.

van den Heuvel, Meta; Julia Ma; Cornelia M Borkhoff; Christine Koroshegyi; David W H Dai; Patricia C Parkin; Jonathon L Maguire; Catherine S Birken. “Mobile Media Device Use is Associated with Expressive Language Delay in 18-Month-Old Children.” Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP vol. 40,2 (2019): 99-104. doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000630.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30753173/, Feb/Mar 2019.

van der Weel, F. R. (Ruud); Audrey L. H. van der Meer. “Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom.” Frontiers in Psychology, Sec. Educational Psychology, Volume 14 – 2023.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945/full, January 25, 2024.

Vedantam, Shankar. “There’s A Gap Between Perception And Reality When It Comes To Learning” NPR Science.
https://www.npr.org/2019/02/18/695637906/theres-a-gap-between-perception-and-reality-when-it-comes-to-learning, February 18, 2019.

Walter, Tatumn. “A tenth of each day spent watching television” USC US-China Institute.
https://china.usc.edu/tenth-each-day-spent-watching-television, accessed May 29, 2014.

Wang, Pengcheng; Jia Nie; Xingchao Wang; Yuhui Wang; Fengqing Zhao; Xiaochun Xie; Li Lei; Mingkun Ouyang,. “How are smartphones associated with adolescent materialism?” Journal of Health Psychology Vol. 25 (September 19, 2018).
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105318801069.

“Want a younger brain? Stay in school — and take the stairs” Science Daily.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160309125520.htm March 9, 2016.

Ward, Adrian F.; Kristen Duke; Ayelet Gneezy; and Maarten W. Bos. “Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity”. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2, no. 2 (April 2017): 140-154.
https://doi.org/10.1086/691462, April 3, 2017.

Warner, Jeremy. “Harsh truths about the decline of Britain” The Telegraph.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/10417838/Harsh-truths-about-the-decline-of-Britain.html, October 31, 2013.

Weller, Chris. “An MIT psychologist explains why so many tech moguls send their kids to anti-tech schools” Business Insider.
https://www.businessinsider.com/sherry-turkle-why-tech-moguls-send-their-kids-to-anti-tech-schools-2017-11, November 7, 2017.

Williams, Ray. “Anti-Intellectualism and the ‘Dumbing Down’ of America” Indiana University Center for Civic Literacy.
https://blogs.iu.edu/civicliteracy/2015/05/22/anti-intellectualism-and-the-dumbing-down-of-america/, July 7, 2014, Online May 22, 2015.

Wilson, Hugh. “Are men becoming more feminine?” MSN.com.
http://him.uk.msn.com/in-the-know/are-men-becoming-more-feminine-women-male-female-gender-gap, July 19, 2013.

Winn, Marie. Plug-In Drug (New York: Viking Penguin, 1977, Revised and Updated Edition, 2002).

Wolf, Maryanne. “Skim reading is the new normal. The effect on society is profound” The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/25/skim-reading-new-normal-maryanne-wolf, August 25, 2018.

Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. “# Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem” Journal of adolescence, 51, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008, June 10, 2016.

Woody, Maxwell et al. “Corrigendum: The role of pickup truck electrification in the decarbonization of light-duty vehicles” Environmental Research Letters 17 089501. IOP Publishing Ltd.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7cfc, July 15, 2022.

Younas, Adeel. “Report: Smartphones Are Destroying Our Planet Faster Than We Think” TechWafer.
https://techwafer.com/report-smartphones-are-destroying-our-planet-faster-than-we-think/, April 2, 2018.

Yuan, Kai; Ping Cheng; Tao Dong; et al. “Cortical Thickness Abnormalities in Late Adolescence with Online Gaming Addiction” PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053055, January 9, 2013.

Yuan, Kai; Wei Qin; Guihong Wang; et al. “Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder” PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020708, June 3, 2011.

Zaki, Jamil. “What, Me Care? Young Are Less Empathetic” A recent study finds a decline in empathy among young people in the U.S. Scientific American.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-me-care/, December 23, 2010.